The voltage you detect is also dependent on the state of charge of the battery itself.
Think of it like a bath(plug in) with water running into it. If the bath is full you will only be able to put as much water in as exits via the overflow. If the bath is half full or less you can open the tap up full. The alternator is the tap in this example.
So if the battery is fully charged you will see a lower voltage from the alternator, but it should still be over 13 volts. A flat battery should show the highest voltage output from the alternator. 14.2v is the ideal maximum.
Over 14.2v risks boiling the acid and damaging the plates. Not to mention risk of explosion over 15 volts!
Below 12.6v and the plates will sulphate. ie the chemical process reverses and instead of lead being taken into solution from the plates, lead sulphate salts are deposited onto the plates further reducing the battery's efficiency.